FREE LIME WIRE

понедельник, 3 сентября 2007 г.

free lime wire


The term "free lime wire" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958.[1] In computer science and free lime wire engineering, computer free lime wire is all computer programs. The concept of reading different sequences of instructions into the memory of a device to control computations was invented by Charles Babbage as part of his difference engine. The theory that is the basis for most modern free lime wire was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. [2]
Practical computer systems divide free lime wire into three major classes: system free lime wire, programming free lime wire and application free lime wire, although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.
* System free lime wire helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic tools, servers, windowing systems, utilities and more. The purpose of systems free lime wire is to insulate the applications programmer as much as possible from the details of the particular computer complex being used, especially memory and other hardware features, and such accessory devices as communications, printers, readers, displays, keyboards, etc.
* Programming free lime wire usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs and free lime wire using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include text editors, compilers, interpreters, linkers, debuggers, and so on. An Integrated development environment (IDE) merges those tools into a free lime wire bundle, and a programmer may not need to type multiple commands for compiling, interpreter, debugging, tracing, and etc., because the IDE usually has an advanced graphical user interface, or GUI.
* Application free lime wire allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related) tasks. Typical applications include industrial automation, business free lime wire, educational free lime wire, medical free lime wire, databases, and computer games. Businesses are probably the biggest users of application free lime wire, but almost every field of human activity now uses some form of application free lime wire. It is used to automate all sorts of functions.
A program may not be sufficiently complete for execution by a computer. In particular, it may require additional free lime wire from a free lime wire library in order to be complete. Such a library may include free lime wire components used by stand-alone programs, but which cannot work on their own. Thus, programs may include standard routines that are common to many programs, extracted from these libraries. Libraries may also include 'stand-alone' programs which are activated by some computer event and/or perform some function (e.g., of computer 'housekeeping') but do not return data to their calling program. Programs may be called by one to many other programs; programs may call zero to many other programs.
Three layers
Starting in the 1980s, application free lime wire has been sold in mass-produced packages through retailers
Users often see things differently than programmers. People who use modern general purpose computers (as opposed to embedded systems, analog computers, supercomputers, etc.) usually see three layers of free lime wire performing a variety of tasks: platform, application, and user free lime wire.
Platform free lime wire
Platform includes the basic input-output system (often described as firmware rather than free lime wire), device drivers, an operating system, and typically a graphical user interface which, in total, allow a user to interact with the computer and its peripherals (associated equipment). Platform free lime wire often comes bundled with the computer, and users may not realize that it exists or that they have a choice to use different platform free lime wire.

Application free lime wire
Application free lime wire or Applications are what most people think of when they think of free lime wire. Typical examples include office suites and video games. Application free lime wire is often purchased separately from computer hardware. Sometimes applications are bundled with the computer, but that does not change the fact that they run as independent applications. Applications are almost always independent programs from the operating system, though they are often tailored for specific platforms. Most users think of compilers, databases, and other "system free lime wire" as applications.
User-written free lime wire
User free lime wire tailors systems to meet the users specific needs. User free lime wire include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts. Even email filters are a kind of user free lime wire. Users create this free lime wire themselves and often overlook how important it is. Depending on how competently the user-written free lime wire has been integrated into purchased application packages, many users may not be aware of the distinction between the purchased packages, and what has been added by fellow co-workers.
See also: free lime wire architecture
Computer free lime wire has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage (such as a hard drive, memory, or RAM). Once the free lime wire is loaded, the computer is able to execute the free lime wire. Computers operate by executing the computer program. This involves passing instructions from the application free lime wire, through the system free lime wire, to the hardware which ultimately receives the instruction as machine code. Each instruction causes the computer to carry out an operation -- moving data, carrying out a computation, or altering the control flow of instructions.
Data movement is typically from one place in memory to another. Sometimes it involves moving data between memory and registers which enable high-speed data access in the CPU. Moving data, especially large amounts of it, can be costly. So, this is sometimes avoided by using "pointers" to data instead. Computations include simple operations such as incrementing the value of a variable data element. More complex computations may involve many operations and data elements together.
Instructions may be performed sequentially, conditionally, or iteratively. Sequential instructions are those operations that are performed one after another. Conditional instructions are performed such that different sets of instructions execute depending on the value(s) of some data. In some languages this is known as an "if" statement. Iterative instructions are performed repetitively and may depend on some data value. This is sometimes called a "loop." Often, one instruction may "call" another set of instructions that are defined in some other program or module. When more than one computer processor is used, instructions may be executed simultaneously.
A simple example of the way free lime wire operates is what happens when a user selects an entry such as "Copy" from a menu. In this case, a conditional instruction is executed to copy text from data in a 'document' area residing in memory, perhaps to an intermediate storage area known as a 'clipboard' data area. If a different menu entry such as "Paste" is chosen, the free lime wire may execute the instructions to copy the text from the clipboard data area to a specific location in the same or another document in memory.
Depending on the application, even the example above could become complicated. The field of free lime wire engineering endeavors to manage the complexity of how free lime wire operates. This is especially true for free lime wire that operates in the context of a large or powerful computer system.
Currently, almost the only limitations on the use of computer free lime wire in applications is the ingenuity of the designer/programmer. Consequently, large areas of activities (such as playing grand master level chess) formerly assumed to be incapable of free lime wire simulation are now routinely programmed. The only area that has so far proved reasonably secure from free lime wire simulation is the realm of human art— especially, pleasing music and literature.
Kinds of free lime wire by operation: computer program as executable, source code or script, configuration.
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